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Bulwark-class battleship (1859)
The ''Bulwark'' class were the final class of wooden line-of-battle ships laid down for the Royal Navy. They were laid down after . In March 1861 their construction was suspended, and seven were later converted to iron-clads. and were kept on the stocks almost complete, in case of need, until they were scrapped in 1873 and 1872.
== Origins==
The consensus of British naval opinion after the Crimean War favoured the large steam-powered two-decker line-of-battle ship with 101 or 91 guns. The designs for two-decker evolved. "The 101-gun type were redesigned with an extra 400 tons and engines of 800 nhp, to produce the ''Duncan'' class. The 91s were given similar engines, while their smaller increase in size was largely taken up with an additional overall for a finer length-to-beam ratio and improved lines in .〔Evidence set before the Derby Committee 1858, WWL/8.〕 In the 1859 programme the two types were merged to produce a 91-gun ship with the dimensions of the 101-gun type. Two ships built on this plan - the ''Bulwark'' and ''Robust'', the latter having been commenced as a 101-gun ship - were preserved on the stocks until 1872, the remaining seven being converted into ironclads.〔Parkes "British Battleships".〕 These last two-deckers were overall, that they all displayed all the classic symptoms of weak construction, such as leaky seams, demonstrated that wood was no longer suitable for the construction of the largest classes of warships.〔Lambert, "Battleships in Transition", p 54-5.〕
Britain's first sea-going iron-clad, was laid down in May 1859, and a further three had been laid down by the end of 1859. Nevertheless, the Royal Navy continued to convert old sailing line-of-battle ships to steam, and to order and lay down new ''Bulwark''-class two-deckers. The objective was to achieve parity with the combined navies of France and Russia.〔Lambert, "Battleships in Transition", p 75-76.〕 Initially there was great uncertainty about the value of iron-clads.〔Submission to Board of 27 July 1858, quoted in Lambert, "Warrior", p16. See also Parkes, "British Battleships", p30.〕 So it was prudent to continue building unarmoured steam line-of-battle ships, which would in any case be "the common currency of sea-power for some years to come." 〔Lambert, "Battleships in Transition", p 76.〕
In March 1861, work on the ''Bulwark'' class was suspended. They were retained on the stocks while the smaller was launched on 27 March 1861. The larger ships were better suited for conversion into iron-clads and were held in reserve for that purpose.〔 Similarly, the sailing line-of-battle ships and completed their conversion to steam line-of-battle ships on 21 May and 25 June 1861 respectively.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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